Thursday, October 31, 2019
Paraphrase 2 body paragraphs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Paraphrase 2 body paragraphs - Essay Example During the leadership of her husband, she assisted him greatly. She was strong in supporting her husband and the government (â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt†). Very notably, she was very active in many human rights activities. We see that the challenges of her life did not stop her from being a hero since she had extraordinary mental strength. Truly, Bill Gates had a strong desire and passion for computers. Even when he was flagged as a threat to internet security by making a virus, he did not give up his desire to be an icon in computing world. Actually, Gates was forced to keep off computers for a whole year because of his cyber threat. He once again took the chance to work with computers when he went to Harvard University and made an innovation, which was named BASIC interpreter (â€Å"Bill Gates†). Despite his strong desire for computers, he demonstrated strong mental strength in obeying the rules. Again, he went ahead to learn more about computers and became one of the most successful men in the world of
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
From Dancing Shoes to A High School Diploma Essay Example for Free
From Dancing Shoes to A High School Diploma Essay I have always believed that something great was destined for each and everyone of us. No matter how hard we try, there are still certain things that we take for granted. Sometimes, these little things are the ones that matter in the end. From being the average student to the extraordinary dancer, these experiences have definitely helped shape who I am today. I am originally from Korea, where I finished my elementary and high school. School has always been a challenge for me, making me finish the elementary level with just average grades. I did not belong to the group of students who brought honor and pride to their parents because of exemplary performance in school. I was just an average student who would sit in class and listen to the lessons taught by the teachers. Middle school became another challenge for me. I was growing older, and wanted so much to fit in the crowd. I became more interested in hanging out with my friends rather than attending school and preparing myself for the real world. My grades started to deteriorate, and my teachers and my parents were alarmed with what was happening to me. I became clueless with what my goals in life should be. All I know was that I wanted to enjoy life and be with my friends. While I was still able to pass middle school, my grades were nowhere near impressive. I was still my old selfuninterested with school and dependent on what my peers would say. One day, a high school student approached me and asked me to join the dance club. I guess all of those dancing stints during parties paid off. I was accepted and was forever changed by my experience in the club. The few sessions I had with the dance club made me realize a lot of things. I learned the basics of hard work and determination. Dancing became a big part of my life. Whether it was daytime or night time, I was always dancing. Unfortunately, my grades were greatly affected again. They started to deteriorate, and this prompted my teachers to open my eyes to reality. My homeroom teacher constantly explained to me that dancing is a good hobby, for I am able to express myself creatively. However, she told me that I should pay more attention to my studies so that I may be able to enter a reputable high school. I ignored these statements and went on with the kind of lifestyle I was used to. The last year of middle school meant that we had to apply in different high schools. Together with my friends and peers, we started applying to the prestigious schools in our district. My friends were able to get accepted in some of these schools, unfortunately, I was not one of them. My unimpressive school transcript prevented me from being accepted in a reputable school. In short, I was rejected most of the time. My homeroom teacher became concerned with the situation, so she suggested that we enter a dance competition in order to get extra curricular points that may be included in our application forms. My friends and I thought that this was our last option to prove ourselves, so we decided to enter the said competition. I could definitely say that we gave our best, practicing until our bones and muscles hurt. Unfortunately, we were defeated in the preliminaries. I was greatly affected with the decision, making me cry my heart out. After all the hard work and dedication I gave for this competition, still it was not enough. I decided to live a new life from then on. Eventually, I was able to attend a high school away from my friends and family. I became determined more than ever to study hard and be someone. My lack of knowledge in middle school has made high school difficult for me. Being accepted in a reputable university was the hardest part of all. My hopes and dreams of actually succeeding in life started to diminish. With these in mind, I decided to learn a particular skill, no matter how difficult it was. Currently, I am in the United States hoping to somehow fulfill my dreams and aspirations. I am determined more than ever to study and learn to the best of my abilities, and avoid the mistakes that I have committed in the past. I learned that work and play should be balanced, and that there should be a set of priorities that should not be taken for granted. I am now aware that everything happens for a reason and that no time should be wasted. As I look back and recall my days in middle school, I cannot help but be disappointed in myself. If only I can go back in time and correct the mistakes I have committed in the past, I would do it. I have realized that opportunity only knocks once in a lifetime, and you can never go back to redo the things of the past. The said experience has helped me rise up and always be thankful that I am given another chance to fix my life.
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Rebel Without A Cause Film Studies Essay
Rebel Without A Cause Film Studies Essay For as long as film has been around, it has been an art form that is a representation of society and the culture from which it breeds. One of the most popular and critically acclaimed which represented the times around it was that of Rebel Without a Cause(1955), which challenged the ideas of masculinity in society and it was a reflection of many teenagers of that generation. It also broke grounds for the portrayal of its characters. How exactly did Rebel Without a Cause(1955) change the perception of masculinity in society and why is the film considered to be the poster child film of the 1950s youth rebellion? Masculinity at the time in the 1950s was in a state of uncertainty. Men were returning from war and did not know how to readjust to society. Many men were forced to become the bread winner of the family again as well as be the stereotypical father of the household. Rebel Without a Cause(1955) was a movie that was ahead of its time in terms of its symbolism and its direction. Wh at many considered to be taboo, the film challenged the boundaries of societys rules and yet reflected what so many had tried to keep hidden. It challenged the ideas of masculinity and it was a social commentary on the men returning home from World War II and it was a movie about the commonalities that still perforate today of teen angst. To analyze the masculinity in the film, one must first look at its actors as well as its characters. Christopher Castiligia wrote an article entitled Rebel Without a Closet: Homosexuality and Hollywood in which he examines the in depth relationships of the characters within the movie and the connections it had to homosexuality as it was reflected upon society. James Dean who starred as Jim Stark and whos career spanned only three movies blossomed into a full blown star overnight and after his tragic death, his role in Rebel Without a Cause(1955) has turned him into an icon of cinema and he has become idolized ever since. He himself, was a gay male, not openly, but was very much the effeminate man that he portrayed on screen which is also possibly why it was done so effectively using a style of method acting. Jim Stark, was a rebellious teen who was strong and mysterious, yet also had deep feelings and emotions, which was unheard of at the time to even mention such a thing. His charac ter is saddled by the fact that he has to be a tough character in order to conform to societys demands. This is shown several times throughout the film in which he is swayed into fights that he doesnt want to get into by being called a chicken. He has to fight back because that is what a man is supposed to do. On the other side of the spectrum is Sal Mineo who starred as the character Plato, was an openly gay male who in turn portrayed a gay character on screen even though it is not explicitly stated. The character of Plato openly pines for Jim, whom he looks up to and shows affection for. One could argue that it was the first portrayal of a gay man on screen. Jims father Frank is shown as a very effeminate man, one who is constantly put down by his wife and cannot control his son. This was a reflection of many fathers of the time, who were emasculated perhaps by not going to war or because of the societal pressures caving in. The characterization of these characters completely alte rs the archetype of what it is to be a manly man on screen and instead show emotion. Their characters have conflicting and yet very similar personalities. Jim takes the role of a father, whereas Plato takes the role of the son. One could argue that is the true extent to what the relationship takes, although the distinct camera shots seem to suggest otherwise. Men are a complex breed, men have to act tough, yet still be emotional enough to connect with their family. Rebel Without a Cause (1955) brought about an important social issue in which many men had just come home from World War II and an important feature that men had to live up to was their propensity to act as tough bread winners who provided for their family. This male stereotype is played differently in Rebel Without a Cause (1955) as Jim Starks father was a man who didnt live up to that stereotype. He lacked the leadership characteristic that was typical of what a man was supposed to be. In doing so, it became evident that Jim was searching for a father figure and in turn found his parent to be switched to some degree as his mother was acting like a father and his father was acting like a mother. This gender disassociation creates such a friction within Jim that all he can do is act out. He demonstrates this numerous times and all he is looking for is a father figure to set him straight in line. Instead he has to take up the mantle himself and become his own father. The stylistic effects used within the film are some of the most iconic in history and contributes to the representation of the time with the music and the cinematography. The music within the film is a now classic soundtrack by Leonard Rosenman set the scenes of the film with its uses of Jazz music which reminds one of the 50s. The cinematography used within the film which was composed by Ernest Haller could be described as some of the coolest shots in the history of film. Many of the most iconic shots within the film are done with close-ups such as in the beginning of the film where we are first introduced to Jim Starks character as well as shots which focus solely on the character. By employing this effect, it showcased the brilliance and delivery of the acting. How is the film a representation of teenage culture of the time? Rebellion was a very common trait in many young men and women in the early 1950s. Many of their fathers has been serving during World War II and thus were not able to be at home with their families. This left a hole in the young peoples lives as they wanted so much to have a father and yet end up turning against them as soon as they returned. This feeling of abandonment so to speak is what drove much of this rebellion of the 1950s. Such is the case when the three main characters within Rebel Without a Cause(1955) are introduced for the first time. The characters are so drastically different in terms of social class, status, yet eerily so similar in the case of their parents. Jim Stark whos dad is not the father whom he needs to be. Judy whose father is completely distant and cold to her and then there is Platos parents who just arent there at all and whose father abandoned him. They all struggle with a similar paternal issue of fathers who just arent able to adjust to the new generation of the time. The family structure of each of these kids is all very confusing for them. They grew up with this notion of family and the fathers being perfect, that when they grow up and see that this is not the case, they have to find their own personal identity. Rebel Without a Cause(1955) created a new archetype for its generation. It created the James Dean character of a rebellious youth looking for a direction in life. One of the most iconic fashions of all time is James Dean in his red jacket and jeans which epitomized this sense of rebellion. Delia Konzett wrote an article entitled Rebel Without a Cause: Approaches to a Maverick Masterwork about Rebel Without a Cause in which he explains the films everlasting qualities throughout generations. She states This legacy with its foregrounding of the radical potential of internal or self critique is what has appealed to the films diverse audiences over the years, who have continued to see Rebel Without a Cause (1955) as a touchstone for imagining anxieties over coming-of-age, traditional values of family and community, threats from abroad, and the provocations of mass or consumer society (20). Within the article she explains how specific scenes deal with the trials of an average teenager havi ng to prove his masculinity and himself to his peers or else be picked upon as if it were as primitive as survival of the fittest. She analyzes one of the most important scenes in the film, The chicie race scene as one of the most important in which she explains This scene centers upon a dangerous competitive car race that can be constructively interpreted as rite of existential and social bonding or more negatively as a Darwinian survival of the fittest in an era of late consumerism and capitalism with absurdity and chance as its major elements. It also captures the distinctly American fascination with the automobile and the liberating experience of driving and being on the road. One of the most intriguing aspects of his analysis is the Americans fascination of cars. They have to be fast, powerful and in that sense, it has to be a representation of power and masculinity. This scene is one of the most important within the film about having to prove ones masculinity in order to be th e leader of the pack. The film ultimately culminates in Jim Stark finding his masculinity so to speak. In the end is quite a picture perfect sight of a traditional family structure as Jim, Judy and Plato all sit around an abandoned house, pondering their lives going forth. They act out living as children in a fantasy life. As soon as something tries to disrupt this perfect fantasy life, Plato goes crazy to an extent. The life he wanted is threatened and he essentially breaks down, brandishing a gun on everyone he sees. He succumbs to the desolate life of a teenager unable to cope with the problems around him, his familial structure failing him. The film has remained one of the most iconic films of all time because of how relatable it is to this day. To this day, Rebel Without a Cause(1955) could just as easily have as much of an impact as it did fifty years ago. Now more than ever society is changing where changes in masculinity are more accepted. Not only has Rebel Without a Cause(1955) become a voice fo r its generations, but in some ways a voice for many generations to come.
Friday, October 25, 2019
State and Church Essay -- essays research papers fc
Christopher Columbus and Cabeza de Vaca were two known adventurers, one being an explorer and the other as a treasurer. Both men had great reputations, which led to positions of high status. Cabeza de Vaca became the treasurer on an expedition to explore the Gulf coast as a young nobleman and Christopher Columbus went on many expeditions to explore lands of treasure and jewels of all sorts. Both men explored in a time in which the lands were controlled by church and state and because of this, pressure of enormous amounts were placed on the shoulders of these men. The misfortunes these men encountered on their expeditions led them to choose a side in which they tried to disguise their true outcomes. Cabeza de Vaca and Christopher Columbus used the power the church possessed and embellished in the writings as a means to escape ridicule and or conviction from the state.      One can get a sense from the works of Cabeza de Vaca that he went through hardship when captured by the Indians. In addition you can a sense that he uses much imagery of his men being killed and picked off one by one because he knew that the state and church would read his writings. My opinion of chapter seven is very skeptical because I feel that Cabeza de Vaca wanted to show the state and church that life over in the New World was very troubling and full of challenges so great no man can bare. He embellishes his writings in purpose of being forgiven for the money and manpower spent on the expedition. In chapter seven Cabeza de Vaca shows in his writings how he was attacked numerous times, â€Å"The day following, others came against us from a town on the opposite side of the lake, and attacked us as the first had done, escaping in the same way,                                                        pg. 1 except one who was also slain†(pg. 130). He keeps showing the reader that he was attacked numerous times but yet the Indians escaped the same way as the first did. These accounts could show the church that Cabeza de Vaca was strong in his encounters with harsh conditions and that these experie... ...ed this statement with the hoping he will return to explore because he feels that the third voyage did not find riches and other valuable items.      Both men used the church to somewhat cover up the unsuccessful expeditions and voyages that occurred. I feel that the writings were intentional in the fact they were not only made to keep accounts but also to show the church that they are still skilled as before they left. They also write with a manner in which they want to be rewarded somehow for their findings or misfortunes they encountered in such harsh conditions.                                                        Pg. 4 Works Cited Columbus, Christopher. The Four Voyages of Columbus. Trans. J.M. Cohen      1969. Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez. Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. Trans.      Buckingham Smith. 1871.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Electronic Waste
Electronic waste From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the EC directive, see Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive. Defective and obsolete electronic equipment. Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. There is a lack of consensus as to whether the term should apply to resale, reuse, and refurbishing industries, or only to product that cannot be used for its intended purpose.Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries may cause serious health and pollution problems, though these countries are also most likely to reuse and repair electronics. Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, orbrominated flame retardants. Even in developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure i n recycling operations and leaching of material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.Scrap industry and USA EPA officials agree that materials should be managed with caution. [citation needed] Contents [hide] †¢1 Definitions †¢2 Problems †¢3 Global trade issues †¢4 E-waste management o4. 1 Recycling o4. 2 Consumer awareness efforts o4. 3 Processing techniques o4. 4 Benefits of recycling †¢5 Electronic waste substances o5. 1 Hazardous o5. 2 Generally non-hazardous †¢6 See also †¢7 References †¢8 Further reading †¢9 External links [edit]DefinitionsHoarding (left), disassembling (center) and collecting (right) electronic waste in Bengaluru, India â€Å"Electronic waste†may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets andrefrigerators. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recyclin g, or disposal. Others define the re-usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc. to be â€Å"commodities†, and reserve the term â€Å"waste†for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term â€Å"e-waste†broadly to all surplus electronics. Cathode ray tubes (CRT) are considered one of the hardest types to recycle. [1] CRTs have relatively high concentration of lead and phosphors (not to be confused with phosphorus), both of which are necessary for the display.The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors in its category of â€Å"hazardous household waste†[2] but considers CRTs that have been set aside for testing to be commodities if th ey are not discarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from weather and other damage. Debate continues over the distinction between â€Å"commodity†and â€Å"waste†electronics definitions. Some exporters are accused of deliberately leaving difficult-to-recycle, obsolete, or non-repairable equipment mixed in loads of working equipment (though this may also come through ignorance, or to avoid more costly treatment processes).Protectionists may broaden the definition of â€Å"waste†electronics in order to protect domestic markets from working secondary equipment. The high value of the computer recycling subset of electronic waste (working and reusable laptops, desktops, and components like RAM) can help pay the cost of transportation for a larger number of worthless pieces than can be achieved with display devices, which have less (or negative) scrap value. In A 2011 report, â€Å"Ghana E-Waste Country Assessment†,[3] found that of 215,000 t ons of electronics imported to Ghana, 30% were brand new and 70% were used.Of the used product, the study concluded that 15% was not reused and was scrapped or discarded. This contrasts with published but uncredited claims that 80% of the imports into Ghana were being burned in primitive conditions. [edit]Problems A fragment of discarded circuit board Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, and planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. Dave Kruch, CEO of Cash For Laptops, regards electronic waste as a â€Å"rapidly expanding†issue. 4]Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied. Display units (CRT, LCD, LED monitors), Processors (CPU chips, RAM), and audio components have different useful lives. Processors are most frequently out-da ted (by software) and are more likely to become â€Å"e-waste†, while display units are most often replaced while working without repair attempts, due to changes in wealthy nation appetites for new display technology.An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are produced each year. [citation needed] The USA discards 30 million computers each year and 100 million phones are disposed of in Europe each year. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled, the rest of these electronics go directly into landfills and incinerators. [5] According to a report by UNEP titled, â€Å"Recycling – from E-Waste to Resources,†the amount of e-waste being produced – including mobile phones and computers – could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India. 6] The United States is the world leader in producing electronic waste, tossing away about 3 million tons each year. [7] China already produces about 2. 3 million tons (2010 estimate) domestically, second only to the United States. And, despite having banned e-waste imports, China remains a major e-waste dumping ground for developed countries. [7] Electrical waste contains hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials. Up to 60 elements can be found in complex electronics. In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics. 8][9] While there is agreement that the number of discarded electronic devices is increasing, there is considerable disagreement about the relative risk (compared to automobile scrap, for example), and strong disagreement whether curtailing trade in used electronics will improve conditions, or make them worse. According to an article in Motherboard, attempts to restrict the trade have driven reputable companies out of the supply chain, with unintended consequences. [10] [edit]Global trade issues See also: Electronic waste by country Electroni c waste is often exported to developing countries. 4. -volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-volt, CR2032 and LR44 cells are all recyclable in most countries. One theory is that increased regulation of electronic waste and concern over the environmental harm in mature economies creates an economic disincentive to remove residues prior to export. Critics of trade in used electronics maintain that it is still too easy for brokers calling themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developing countries, such as China,[11] India and parts of Africa, thus avoiding the expense of removing items like bad cathode ray tubes (the processing of which is expensive and difficult).The developing countries have become toxic dump yards of e-waste. Proponents of international trade point to the success of fair trade programs in other industries, where cooperation has led to creation of sustainable jobs, and can bring affordable technology in countries where repair and reuse rates are h igher. Defenders of the trade[who? ] in used electronics say that extraction of metals from virgin mining has been shifted to developing countries. Recycling of copper, silver, gold, and other materials from discarded electronic devices is considered better for the environment than mining.They also state that repair and reuse of computers and televisions has become a â€Å"lost art†in wealthier nations, and that refurbishing has traditionally been a path to development. South Korea, Taiwan, and southern China all excelled in finding â€Å"retained value†in used goods, and in some cases have set up billion-dollar industries in refurbishing used ink cartridges, single-use cameras, and working CRTs. Refurbishing has traditionally been a threat to established manufacturing, and simple protectionism explains some criticism of the trade.Works like â€Å"The Waste Makers†by Vance Packard explain some of the criticism of exports of working product, for example the ba n on import of tested working Pentium 4 laptops to China, or the bans on export of used surplus working electronics by Japan. Opponents of surplus electronics exports argue that lower environmental and labor standards, cheap labor, and the relatively high value of recovered raw materials leads to a transfer of pollution-generating activities, such as smelting of copper wire.In China, Malaysia, India, Kenya, and various African countries, electronic waste is being sent to these countries for processing, sometimes illegally. Many surplus laptops are routed to developing nationsas â€Å"dumping grounds for e-waste†. [4] Because the United States has not ratified the Basel Convention or its Ban Amendment, and has few domestic federal laws forbidding the export of toxic waste, the Basel Action Network estimates that about 80% of the electronic waste directed to recycling in the U. S. does not get recycled there at all, but is put on container ships and sent to countries such as Ch ina. 12][13][14][15] This figure is disputed as an exaggeration by the EPA, the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, and the World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association. Independent research by Arizona State University showed that 87-88% of imported used computers did not have a higher value than the best value of the constituent materials they contained, and that â€Å"the official trade in end-of-life computers is thus driven by reuse as opposed to recycling†. [16] Guiyu in the Shantou region of China, Delhi and Bangalore in India as well as the Agbogbloshie site near Accra, Ghana have electronic waste processing areas. 12][17][18] Uncontrolled burning, disassembly, and disposal causes a variety of environmental problems such as groundwater contamination, atmospheric pollution, or even water pollution either by immediate discharge or due tosurface runoff (especially near coastal areas), as well as health problems including occupational safety and health effects among those directly and indirectly involved, due to the methods of processing the waste. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in highly polluting, primitive recycling technologies, extracting the metals, toners, and plastics from computers and other electronic waste.Recent studies show that 7 out of 10 children in this region have too much lead in their blood. [citation needed] Proponents of the trade say growth of internet access is a stronger correlation to trade than poverty. Haiti is poor and closer to the port of New York than southeast Asia, but far more electronic waste is exported from New York to Asia than to Haiti. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in reuse, refurbishing, repair, and remanufacturing, unsustainable industries in decline in developed countries.Denying developing nations access to used electronics may deny them sustainable employment, affordable products, and internet access, or force them to deal with even less scrupulous suppliers. In a series of seven articles for The Atlantic, Shanghai-based reporter Adam Minter describes many of these computer repair and scrap separation activities as objectively sustainable. [19] Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries utilize methods that are more harmful and more wasteful. An expedient and prevalent method is simply to toss equipment onto an open fire, in order to melt plastics and to burn away unvaluable metals.This releases carcinogens and neurotoxins into the air, contributing to an acrid, lingering smog. These noxious fumes include dioxinsand furans. [20] Bonfire refuse can be disposed of quickly into drainage ditches or waterways feeding the ocean or local water supplies. [15][21] In June 2008, a container of electronic waste, destined from the Port of Oakland in the U. S. to Sanshui District in mainland China, was intercepted in Hong Kong by Greenpeace. [22] Concern over exports of electronic waste were raised in press reports in India,[23][24] Ghan a,[25][26][27] Ivory Coast,[28] and Nigeria. 29] This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2012) This section is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. (April 2012) What becomes challenging for the United States, then, is balancing recycling discourses when considering how to implement legislation measures as they manifest through divided interests. Those concerned solely about the environment would create discourse and those concerned about the economy would as well.It is not to say that these discourses don't necessarily agree about certain initiatives; both parties might benefit from the same piece of legislation. That is, if the Environmental Commissioner in the United States put into action recycling legislation that was both sustainable and profitable, it could likely be a positive for both sides. How ever, because most environmental and economic advocates are privy to certain facts about the industry, they would most likely be reluctant to side with any legislation that could either be detrimental to a foreign environment, or overly beneficial to a foreign industry or economy.By exporting e-waste to other countries, some firms in the United States may be avoiding the costs of homeland environmental degradation on one hand, but on the other are missing out on recovering byproduct materials left after they are smelted. As a result, numerous perspectives articulate through both quantitative and qualitative analysis, not only exemplifying how the differences between these perspectives are articulated, but how electronic waste legislation seemingly takes both the environmental and the economic discourse into consideration, albeit with more onus on the latter. edit]E-waste management [edit]Recycling Computer monitors are typically packed into low stacks on wooden pallets forrecycling and then shrink-wrapped. [20] See also: Computer recycling Today the electronic waste recycling business is in all areas of the developed world a large and rapidly consolidating business. Part of this evolution has involved greater diversion of electronic waste from energy-intensive downcycling processes (e. g. , conventional recycling), where equipment is reverted to a raw material form. This diversion is achieved through reuse and refurbishing.The environmental and social benefits of reuse include diminished demand for new products and virgin raw materials (with their own environmental issues); larger quantities of pure water and electricity for associated manufacturing; less packaging per unit; availability of technology to wider swaths of society due to greater affordability of products; and diminished use of landfills. Audiovisual components, televisions, VCRs, stereo equipment, mobile phones, other handheld devices, and computer components contain valuable elements and substan ces suitable for reclamation, including lead, copper, and gold.One of the major challenges is recycling the printed circuit boards from the electronic wastes. The circuit boards contain such precious metals as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and such base metals as copper, iron, aluminum, etc. Conventional method employed is mechanical shredding and separation but the recycling efficiency is low. Alternative methods such as cryogenic decomposition have been studied for printed circuit board recycling,[30] and some other methods are still under investigation. [edit]Consumer awareness effortsThe examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2011) ? In the US, the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) urges consumers to dispose properly of end-of-life electronics through its recycling locator at www. GreenerGadgets. org. This list only includes manufacturer and reta iler programs that use the strictest standards and third-party certified recycling locations, to provide consumers assurance that their products will be recycled safely and responsibly.CEA research has found that 58 percent of consumers know where to take their end-of-life of electronics, and the electronics industry would very much like to see that level of awareness increase. Consumer electronics manufacturers and retailers sponsor or operate more than 5,000 recycling locations nationwide and have vowed to recycle one billion pounds annually by 2016,[31] a sharp increase from 300 million pounds industry recycled in 2010. ?AddressTheMess. com is a Comedy Central pro-social campaign that seeks to increase awareness of the dangers of electronic waste and to encourage recycling.Partners in the effort include Earth911. com, ECOInternational. com, and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Many Comedy Central viewers are early adopters of new electronics, and produce a commensurate amount of waste that can be directed towards recycling efforts. The station is also taking steps to reduce its own environmental impact, in partnership with NativeEnergy. com, a company that specializes in renewable energy and carbon offsets. ?The Electronics TakeBack Coalition[32] is a campaign aimed at protecting human health and limiting environmental effects where electronics are being produced, used, and discarded.The ETBC aims to place responsibility for disposal of technology products on electronic manufacturers and brand owners, primarily through community promotions and legal enforcement initiatives. It provides recommendations for consumer recycling and a list of recyclers judged environmentally responsible. [33] ? The Certified Electronics Recycler program[34] for electronic recyclers is a comprehensive, integrated management system standard that incorporates key operational and continual improvement elements for quality, environmental and health and safety (QEH) performa nce. The grassroots Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (svtc. org) focuses on promoting human health and addresses environmental justice problems resulting from toxins in technologies. ?Basel Action Network (BAN. org) is uniquely focused on addressing global environmental injustices and economic inefficiency of global â€Å"toxic trade†. It works for human rights and the environment by preventing disproportionate dumping on a large scale. It promotes sustainable solutions and attempts to ban waste trade. It requires companies to be either ISO 14001 or R2 certified. Texas Campaign for the Environment (texasenvironment. org) works to build grassroots support for e-waste recycling and uses community organizing to pressure electronics manufacturers and elected officials to enact producer takeback recycling policies and commit to responsible recycling programs. ?The World Reuse, Repair, and Recycling Association (wr3a. org) is an organization dedicated to improving the quality of exp orted electronics, encouraging better recycling standards in importing countries, and improving practices through â€Å"Fair Trade†principles. Take Back My TV[35] is a project of The Electronics TakeBack Coalition and grades television manufacturers to find out which are responsible and which are not. [edit]Processing techniques Recycling the lead from batteries. In developed countries, electronic waste processing usually first involves dismantling the equipment into various parts (metal frames, power supplies, circuit boards, plastics), often by hand, but increasingly by automated shredding equipment. A typical example is the NADIN electronic waste processing plant in Novi Iskar, Bulgaria  the largest facility of its kind in Eastern Europe. 36][37] The advantages of this process are the human's ability to recognize and save working and repairable parts, including chips, transistors, RAM, etc. The disadvantage is that the labor is cheapest in countries with the lowes t health and safety standards. In an alternative bulk system,[38] a hopper conveys material for shredding into an unsophisticated mechanical separator, with screening and granulating machines to separate constituent metal and plastic fractions, which are sold to smelters or plastics recyclers.Such recycling machinery is enclosed and employs a dust collection system. Some of the emissions are caught by scrubbers and screens. Magnets, eddy currents, and trommel screens are employed to separate glass, plastic, and ferrous and nonferrous metals, which can then be further separated at a smelter. Leaded glass from CRTs is reused in car batteries, ammunition, and lead wheel weights,[20] or sold to foundries as a fluxing agent in processing raw lead ore. Copper, gold, palladium, silver and tin are valuable metals sold to smelters for recycling.Hazardous smoke and gases are captured, contained and treated to mitigate environmental threat. These methods allow for safe reclamation of all valua ble computer construction materials. [15] Hewlett-Packard product recycling solutions manager Renee St. Denis describes its process as: â€Å"We move them through giant shredders about 30 feet tall and it shreds everything into pieces about the size of a quarter. Once your disk drive is shredded into pieces about this big, it's hard to get the data off†. 39] An ideal electronic waste recycling plant combines dismantling for component recovery with increased cost-effective processing of bulk electronic waste. Reuse is an alternative option to recycling because it extends the lifespan of a device. Devices still need eventual recycling, but by allowing others to purchase used electronics, recycling can be postponed and value gained from device use. [edit]Benefits of recycling Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the growing e-waste problem. Most electronic devices contain a ariety of materials, including metals that can be recove red for future uses. By dismantling and providing reuse possibilities, intact natural resources are conserved and air and water pollution caused by hazardous disposal is avoided. Additionally, recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the manufacturing of new products. It simply makes good sense and is efficient to recycle and to do our part to keep the environment green. [40] [edit]Electronic waste substances Several sizes of button and coin cell with 2 9v batteries as a size comparison.They are all recycled in many countries since they contain lead, mercury and cadmium. Some computer components can be reused in assembling new computer products, while others are reduced to metals that can be reused in applications as varied as construction, flatware, and jewelry. [39] Substances found in large quantities include epoxy resins, fiberglass, PCBs, PVC (polyvinyl chlorides), thermosetting plastics, lead, tin, copper, silicon,beryllium, carbon, iron and aluminium . Elements found in small amounts include cadmium, mercury, and thallium. 41] Elements found in trace amounts include americium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cobalt, europium, gallium, germanium, gold, indium,lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, silver, tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium. Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper (as wire and printed circuit board tracks), though the use of lead-free solder is now spreading rapidly. The following are ordinary applications: [edit]Hazardous Recyclers in the street in Sao Paulo, Brazil with old computers ?Americium:the radioactive source in smoke alarms. It is known to be carcinogenic. ?Mercury: found in fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), tilt switches (mechanical doorbells, thermostats),[42] and flat screen monitors. Health effects include sensory impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and muscle weakness. Environme ntal effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, slower growth and development. ?Sulphur: found in lead-acid batteries. Health effects include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation. When released in to the environment, it can create sulphuric acid. BFRs: Used as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Includes PBBs, PBDE, DecaBDE, OctaBDE, PentaBDE. Health effects include impaired development of the nervous system, thyroid problems, liver problems. Environmental effects: similar effects as in animals as humans. PBBs were banned from 1973 to 1977 on. PCBs were banned during the 1980s. ?Cadmium: Found in light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most common form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries.These batteries tend to contain between 6 and 18% cadmium. The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banned in the European Union except for medical use. When not properly recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem. Exposure is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers in the metal refining industry. The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage. [43] ? Lead: solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC. 44] A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1. 5 pounds of lead,[2] but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead. [20] ? Beryllium oxide: filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease used on heatsinks for CPUs and power transistors,[45] magnetrons, X-ray-transparent ceramic windows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers. [edit]Generally non-hazardous An iMac G4 that has been repurposed into alamp (photographed next to a Mac Classic and a flip phone). ?Tin: solder, coatings on compone nt leads. Copper: copper wire, printed circuit board tracks, component leads. ?Aluminium: nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power (heatsinks), electrolytic capacitors. ?Iron: steel chassis, cases, and fixings. ?Germanium: 1950s–1960s transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors). ?Silicon: glass, transistors, ICs, printed circuit boards. ?Nickel: nickel-cadmium batteries. ?Lithium: lithium-ion batteries. ?Zinc: plating for steel parts. ?Gold: connector plating, primarily in computer equipment. [edit]See also Environment portal Electronics portal ?2000s commodities boom Basel Action Network (BAN) ?Basel Convention ?China RoHS ?Computer Recycling ?Digger gold ?E-Cycling ?e-Stewards ?eDay ?Electronics ?Electronic waste in Japan ?Green computing ?iPhone recycling ?Material safety data sheet ?Polychlorinated biphenyls ?Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) ?Retail hazardous waste ?Retrocomputing ?Sustainable Electronics Initiativ e (SEI) ?Waste ?Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive Organizations ?Empa ?International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement ? Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI) ?Solving the E-waste Problem World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association [edit]References 1. ^ http://www. executiveblueprints. com/aboutweee/WEEECRTandMonitor. htm 2. ^ a b Morgan, Russell (2006-08-21). â€Å"Tips and Tricks for Recycling Old Computers†. SmartBiz. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 3. ^ â€Å"Ghana e-Waste Country Assessmen†. Ghana e-Waste Country Assessment. SBC e-Waste Africa Project. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 4. ^ a b Prashant, Nitya (2008-08-20). â€Å"Cash For Laptops Offers ‘Green' Solution for Broken or Outdated Computers†. Green Technology (Norwalk, Connecticut: Technology Marketing Corporation). Retrieved 2009-03-17.In â€Å"Opinion†. National Center For Electronics Recycling News Summary (National Center For Electronics Recycling). 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 5. ^ â€Å"Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life Electronics†. US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2012-03-13. 6. ^ Section, United Nations News Service (2010-02-22). â€Å"As e-waste mountains soar, UN urges smart technologies to protect health†. United Nations-DPI/NMD – UN News Service Section. Retrieved 2012-03-12. 7. ^ a b â€Å"Urgent need to prepare developing countries for surges in E-Waste†. 8. ^ Kozlan, Melanie (2010-11-02). What is ‘E-Waste' & How Can I Get Rid Of It?! â€Å". Four Green Steps. 9. ^ â€Å"Poison PCs and toxic TVs†. 10. ^ Ingenthron, Robin (2011-03-31). â€Å"Why We Should Ship Our Electronic â€Å"waste†to China and Africa†. [Motherboard. tv]. 11. ^ Where computers go to die  and kill (4/10/2006) 12. ^ a b Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (2002-02-25). â€Å"Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia†(PDF). Seattle and San Jose. 13. ^ Chea, Terence (2007-11-18). â€Å"America Ships Electronic Waste Overseas†. Associated Press. 14. ^ Slade, Giles (2006). â€Å"Made To Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America†.Harvard University Press. 15. ^ a b c Carroll (January 2008). â€Å"High-Tech Trash†. National Geographic Magazine Online. 16. ^ â€Å"Product or Waste? Importation and End-of-Life Processing of Computers in Peru†, Ramzy Kahhat and Eric Williams, Center for Earth Systems Engineering and Management, Arizona State University, published Environmental Science and Technology June 2009. 17. ^ â€Å"Activists Push for Safer E-Recycling†. Retrieved 2006-11-13. 18. ^ â€Å"Computer age leftovers†. Denver Post. Retrieved 2006-11-13. 19. ^ Minter, Adam. â€Å"Shanghai Scrap†. Wasted 7/7. The Atlantic. Retrieved March 7, 2011. 20. a b c d Royte, Elizabeth (2005-08-01). â€Å"E-gad! Americans discard more than 100 million computer s, cellphones and other electronic devices each year. As â€Å"e-waste†piles up, so does concern about this growing threat to the environment. â€Å". Smithsonian Magazine (Smithsonian Institution). Retrieved 2009-03-17. 21. ^ â€Å"Computer waste disposal in China†(WMV). CBC News. 22. ^ â€Å"Illegal e-waste exposed†. Greenpeace International. 23. ^ â€Å"E-Trash Industry Poses Hazards to Workers†. 24. ^ â€Å"British Broadcasting Corporation†. BBC News. 2005-10-14. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 25. ^ â€Å"Electronic Waste in Ghana†.YouTube. 26. ^ â€Å"Poisoning the poor – Electronic Waste in Ghana†. Greenpeace International. 27. ^ â€Å"British Broadcasting Corporation†. BBC News. 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 28. ^ â€Å"British Broadcasting Corporation†. BBC News. 2006-11-27. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 29. ^ â€Å"British Broadcasting Corporation†. BBC News. 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 30. ^ Yuan, C. , Zhang, H. C. , McKenna, G. , Korzeniewski, C. , and Li, J. â€Å"Experimental Studies on Cryogenic Recycling of Printed Circuit Board†, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 34, 2007, pp. 657–666 31. http://ecyclingleadershipinitiative. com/index. html 32. ^ http://www. electronicstakeback. com 33. ^ â€Å"How to Find a Responsible Recycler†. Electronics TakeBack Coalition. 34. ^ http://www. certifiedelectronicsrecycler. com 35. ^ â€Å"Take Back My TV†. 36. ^ â€Å"40 Million BGN Invested In Bulgaria's 1st Appliances Recycle Plant†. Sofia News Agency. 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2011-03-28. 37. ^ â€Å"Bulgaria Opens Largest WEEE Recycling Factory in Eastern Europe†. Ask-eu. com. 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2011-03-28. 38. ^ http://simsrecycling. com/news-and-resources/audio-and-video 39. ^ a b Haffenreffer, David (2003-02-13). Recycling, the Hewlett-Packard Way†. Financial Times(CNN). Retrieved 2009-03-17. 40. ^ Bene fits of Recycling 41. ^ â€Å"Chemical fact sheet: Thallium†. Spectrum Laboratories. Retrieved 2008-02-02. 42. ^ â€Å"Question 8†. 43. ^ . http://www. lenntech. com/periodic/elements/cd. htm#ixzz1MpuZHWfr. 44. ^ â€Å"CollectiveGood and Environmental Issues†. 45. ^ Becker, Greg; Lee, Chris; Lin, Zuchen (July 2005). â€Å"Thermal conductivity in advanced chips: Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages†. Advanced Packaging: 2–4. Retrieved 2008-03-04. [edit]Further reading ?Hicks, C; Dietmara, R. , Eugsterb, M. (2005). The recycling and disposal of electrical and electronic waste in Chinaâ€â€legislative and market responses†. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25 (5): 459–471. doi:10. 1016/j. eiar. 2005. 04. 007. ISSN 01959255. ?†Scrapping the Hi-tech Myth: Computer waste in India†. India: Toxics Link. February 2003. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ?Ogunseitan, O. A. , Schoenung, J. M. , Saphores, J-D. M. , a nd Shapiro, A. A. (2009). â€Å"The Electronics Revolution: From E-Wonderland to E-Wasteland. â€Å". Science 326: 670–671. doi:10. 1126/science. 1176929. [edit]External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Electronic waste RECYCLING – FROM E-WASTE TO RESOURCES (UN Environmental Program, 2009, 120 pages) ? EMPA E-waste Guide ?World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association ?Carroll, Chris (January 2008). â€Å"High-Tech Trash†. National Geographic Society. ?Disposal of Old Computer Equipment ?WEEE Forum [show] ?V ?T ?E Waste and waste management [show] ?V ?T ?E Recycling View page ratings Rate this page What's this? Trustworthy Objective Complete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) Submit ratings Categories: †¢Electronic waste †¢Create account †¢Log in †¢Article †¢Talk †¢Read †¢Edit †¢View history †¢Main page Contents †¢Featured content †¢Current events †¢Random a rticle †¢Donate to Wikipedia Interaction †¢Help †¢About Wikipedia †¢Community portal †¢Recent changes †¢Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages †¢ †¢Catala †¢Cesky †¢Dansk †¢Deutsch †¢Espanol †¢Euskara †¢ †¢Francais †¢ †¢Italiano †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Nederlands †¢ †¢Portugues †¢ †¢ †¢Slovenscina †¢Svenska †¢ †¢ †¢Turkce †¢ †¢ †¢This page was last modified on 23 August 2012 at 20:31. †¢Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details.Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. †¢Contact us †¢Privacy policy †¢About Wikipedia †¢Disclaimers †¢Mobile view †¢ †¢ E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their à ¢â‚¬Å"useful life. †Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic products. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled. Unfortunately, electronic discards is one of the fastest growing segments of our nation's waste stream. With the passage of the Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003 , certain po
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Generation Gap: Mentors and Proteges Essay
When baby boomers reach retirement age; they start mentoring their replacements called generation Xers. Some boomers face difficulties in this process. William Slater; a computer engineer; faced problems while he was participating in his company’s formal mentoring program. One of his students tried to take his place in the organization by reporting negatively about him. Generation Xers even face issues in mentoring programs. Joel Bershok’s mentor dissolved relationship within 3 weeks of mentoring as his mentor did not trust him. This is because new replacements charge less and companies are ready to replace old people with new ones as this helps the company in decreasing cost. This happened with Janet Wheelar as she was replaced by two younger workers. There are beneficial effects of mentoring for the organizations. Mentoring increases employee productivity and job satisfaction. The issue is that many mentoring programs end up in failure due to mismatching of mentors and proteges. On the other hands organizations have benefited from such programs and they have continued using such programs. Mentors should take pride in helping new employees in making their careers. Women are the ones who have gained a lot from mentoring programs and they have reached top level management due to these programs. Knowledge should be passed on. A mentor teaches proteges and then a proteges becomes a mentor and teaches new employees. According to OB literature on Knowledge Management; the experience and the knowledge of the Baby Boomers should be captured and stored so new employees can benefit from that information. This means that Baby Boomers should provide education to new employees so training cost of the organization decreases and performance increases. According to OB literature; performance increases when employees know what they have to do on the job. When employees are able to do their tasks correctly; they gain job satisfaction.
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